Was kostet der Klimawandel?
Niedrigwasser bremst die Schifffahrt, Hitze senkt die Arbeitsproduktivität und Dürren verringern Ernten – der bisherige Sommer in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz war außergewöhnlich heiß und trocken. Bei solchen Ereignissen stellt sich schnell die Frage, welche wirtschaftlichen Kosten sie verursachen. Viel wird dabei über Nachteile für einzelne Gruppen und Akteure gesprochen. Deutlich schwieriger sind die weitergehenden Fragen: Was kostet der Klimawandel eine Volkswirtschaft insgesamt? Und womit ist in Zukunft zu rechnen?
Um sie zu beantworten, reicht es nicht, die Schäden einzelner Extremwetterereignisse zu addieren. Forschende müssen abschätzen, wie sich Wirtschaft und Wohlstand in einer Welt mit Klimawandel entwickeln – und wie sie sich ohne ihn entwickelt hätten. Dabei müssen sie direkte Schäden ebenso berücksichtigen wie Folgen für Gesundheit und Produktivität, Kosten für Anpassungsmaßnahmen und Änderungen von Preisen, internationalen Handelsströmen und Lieferketten. Je nach Methode und untersuchten Wirkmechanismen können die Ergebnisse erheblich voneinander abweichen.
Dieses Fact Sheet gibt einen Überblick darüber, auf welchen Wegen der Klimawandel wirtschaftliche Schäden verursacht, wie diese gemessen und modelliert werden und welche Größenordnungen zu erwarten sind. Es zeigt, wo die größten Unsicherheiten liegen und wie sich die erwarteten Schäden im Vergleich zu den Kosten des Klimaschutzes verhalten. Parallel zum Fact Sheet ordneten außerdem Forschende in einem Press Briefing den aktuellen Forschungsstand ein [68].
Das Fact Sheet kann hier als pdf heruntergeladen werden.
Nach oder vor einem Schadensereignis
Unterschiedliche Maße für unterschiedliche Schäden
Direkte Schäden in Geldwerten
Vermögensschäden und BIP-Schäden: nicht dasselbe
Geldbeträge: Preisjahr beachten
Zukünftige Schäden und Diskontierung [38]
Zeitraum der Schadensangabe
Interpretation der Schäden: Vergleich mit welcher Welt?
BIP-Niveau oder Wirtschaftswachstum
Einkommen, Konsum und Wohlfahrt statt BIP
Wohlfahrtsverluste:
Schäden pro zusätzlicher Tonne CO₂: Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) [50]
Durchschnittswerte können Verteilungswirkungen verdecken
Grundprinzip
Ökonometrie: Von historischen Daten zu zukünftigen Schäden
Umfragestudien
Konkrete Prozesse als Grundlage
Enumerative Studien
Üblicher Ansatz: Integration in ein ökonomisches Modell
Input-Output (IO)-Modelle: Schäden entlang von Lieferketten
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)-Modelle
Wachstumsmodelle
Integrated Assessment Models – IAMs
Wichtig:
Was genau ist die Schadenszahl?
Womit wird verglichen?
Welche Klimaschäden sind enthalten?
Wie wird der Schaden ermittelt?
Welche zentralen Annahmen stecken dahinter?
Worauf bezieht sich der Durchschnitt?
Für den Vergleich verschiedener Studien
Zentrale Aspekte
Weltweite Kosten
Globale und regionale Verteilung der Kosten
Spannbreite der Ergebnisse:
Was ist mit Kipppunkten?
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Eine separate Webseite zeigt detailliert die Ergebnisse für alle Länder der Welt.
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